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Mumbai: The Reserve Bank of India on Thursday said banknotes in circulation witnessed a higher than average increase during 2020-21, on account of precautionary holding of cash by people due to the Covid-19 pandemic, and its prolonged continuance.

The value and volume of banknotes in circulation increased by 16.8% and 7.2%, respectively, during 2020-21, as against an increase of 14.7% and 6.6%, respectively, witnessed during 2019-20, said the RBI annual report.

In value terms, the share of Rs 500 and Rs 2,000 banknotes together accounted for 85.7% of the total value of banknotes in circulation as on March 31, 2021, as against 83.4% as on March 31, 2020.

“The year (2020-21) witnessed a higher than average increase in banknotes in circulation primarily due to precautionary holding of cash by the public induced by the Covid-19 pandemic, and its prolonged continuance,” the RBI’ its Annual Report for 2020-21 said.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) said when the precautionary demand for cash surged in the economy with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, it endeavoured to meet the increased demand for banknotes.

“Concerted efforts were made to ensure that Currency Chests (CCs) remain adequately stocked with all denominations of banknotes in order to maintain timely supply of fresh banknotes across the country,” it said.
Currency in Circulation (CiC) includes banknotes and coins.

Presently, the Reserve Bank issues notes in denominations of Rs 2, Rs 5, Rs 10, Rs 20, Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs 200, Rs 500 and Rs 2,000. Coins in circulation comprise 50 paise and Rs 1, Rs 2, Rs 5, Rs 10 and Rs 20 denominations.

“In value terms, the share of Rs 500 and Rs 2,000 banknotes together accounted for 85.7% of the total value of banknotes in circulation as on March 31, 2021, as against 83.4% as on March 31, 2020,” the report said.

In volume terms, Rs 500 denomination constituted the highest share at 31.1%, followed by Rs 10 denomination banknotes which constituted 23.6% of the total banknotes in circulation as on March 31, 2021.

The report said the indent of banknotes was lower by 9.7% in 2020-21 than that of a year ago. The supply of banknotes was also marginally lower by 0.3% during 2020-21 than in the previous year.

As per the report, the total expenditure incurred on security printing during July 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021 was Rs 4,012.1 crore, as against Rs 4,377.8 crore in the previous year (July 2019 to June 2020).

On counterfeit banknotes

The report said that during 2020-21, out of the total Fake Indian Currency Notes (FICNs) detected in the banking sector, 3.9% were detected at the Reserve Bank and 96.1% by other banks.

A total of 2,08,625 pieces of counterfeit notes were detected during 2020-21, as compared to 2,96,695 pieces during 2019-20, and 3,17,384 during 20218-19.

In order to upgrade the infrastructure and processes for currency management, the RBI said it is in the process of engaging a consultant to get the technical assistance required for inducting modern technology and automating the processes of banknote handling, in a green-field facility on a pilot basis.

This, it said, is expected to automate receipt, storage, processing and destruction of banknotes; foster economies of scale; make the currency management function more efficient; and also fulfil the objective of clean note policy.

It is to be noted here that the banknotes in circulation have been growing along with the rise in digital payments. The volume of banknotes in circulation has doubled in the last decade, from 5,654.9 crore pieces in 2009-10 to 11,597.7 crore pieces in 2019-20, and reached 12,436.7 crore pieces as on March 31, 2021.

Further, with the increase in banknotes in circulation commensurate increase in the requirement for soiled notes processing is anticipated, RBI said.

“This has necessitated a relook at the present system of cash management and a need is felt to automate the handling of banknotes by adopting modern technology, which is in line with the leading global practices,” it said.

The report stressed that automation can generate economies of scale, make the currency management function more efficient and enhance the objective of the clean note policy of the Reserve Bank for the benefit of the public.

The RBI’s Annual Report for 2020-21, a statutory report of its Central Board of Directors, covers the working and functions of the Reserve Bank for the transition period of nine months (July 2020 – March 2021) following the decision to change its accounting year from July-June to April-March.